See -est in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ist",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 12 24 3 8 10 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "83 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs."
],
"id": "en--est-enm-suffix-hBmIu0bF",
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
"present indicative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-est<id:most>",
"id": "most",
"text": "++"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English -est, from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos, from *-yōs + *-tHós.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -est, from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos, from *-yōs + *-tHós.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms the superlative of adjectives"
],
"id": "en--est-enm-suffix-enm:superlative",
"senseid": [
"enm:superlative"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with etymology texts",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ist",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
"present indicative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with etymology texts",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-est<id:most>",
"id": "most",
"text": "++"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English -est, from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos, from *-yōs + *-tHós.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -est, from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos, from *-yōs + *-tHós.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms the superlative of adjectives"
],
"senseid": [
"enm:superlative"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -est meaning in Middle English (2.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-20 using wiktextract (cdfa371 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.