See -est in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-ast",
"id": "second-person singular",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési\nProto-Germanic *-ōsi\nProto-West Germanic *-ōs\nOld English -ast\nMiddle English -est\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōsi\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōs\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ast\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"second-person singular\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-est\" id=\"Middle_English:_second-person_singular\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "i",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inherited"
},
"expansion": "inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ast",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "second-person singular",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "class 2 weak second-person singular",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -ast (class 2 weak second-person singular)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ast",
"id": "second-person singular",
"nocap": "1",
"pos": "class 2 weak second-person singular"
},
"expansion": "inherited from Old English -ast (class 2 weak second-person singular)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ōs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm-nor",
"2": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Northern Middle English -es",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōsi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōsi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂yési"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "i",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inherited"
},
"expansion": "inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "second-person singular",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est",
"id": "second-person singular",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "inherited from Old English -est",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ēs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ēs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ēz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ēz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*-eh₁s"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁s",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési\nProto-Germanic *-ōsi\nProto-West Germanic *-ōs\nOld English -ast\nMiddle English -est\nIn the present, inherited from Old English -ast (class 2 weak second-person singular), from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs with paragogic -t added from when þū follows (compare Northern Middle English -es), from Proto-Germanic *-ōsi, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési.\nIn the past, inherited from Old English -est, from Proto-West Germanic *-ēs (with paragogic -t added as above), from Proto-Germanic *-ēz (with -s by analogy with present forms), from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁s (in *dʰédʰeh₁s, form of *dʰédʰeh₁ti); this suffix is initially limited to weak verbs, but is extended to strong verbs over the course of the Middle English period (although not yet in Chaucer).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ist",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yst",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-st",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English",
"especially"
]
},
{
"form": "-ost",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ust",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 7 14 17 15 7 7 4 6 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 15 19 16 6 6 2 7 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 12 18 20 19 9 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 9 17 19 18 8 8 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "East Midland Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Kentish Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries referencing pages with etymology sections missing etymons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 27 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 27 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 28 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "West Midland Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs (other than preterite-presents)."
],
"id": "en--est-enm-suffix-1~nF5f7U",
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
"present indicative#English"
],
[
"preterite-present",
"preterite-present#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"East-Midlands",
"Kent",
"Southern",
"West",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 7 14 17 15 7 7 4 6 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 15 19 16 6 6 2 7 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 12 18 20 19 9 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 9 17 19 18 8 8 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "East Midland Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Kentish Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries referencing pages with etymology sections missing etymons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 27 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 27 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 28 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "West Midland Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of weak verbs; see -edest"
],
"id": "en--est-enm-suffix-t9Nik9nd",
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"past",
"past#English"
],
[
"indicative",
"indicative#English"
],
[
"-edest",
"-edest#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"East-Midlands",
"Kent",
"Southern",
"West",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Late Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 14 17 15 7 7 4 6 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 15 19 16 6 6 2 7 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 12 18 20 19 9 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 9 17 19 18 8 8 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "East Midland Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Kentish Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries referencing pages with etymology sections missing etymons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 27 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 27 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 28 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "West Midland Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of strong verbs"
],
"id": "en--est-enm-suffix-jzGFmJch",
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"past",
"past#English"
],
[
"indicative",
"indicative#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(especially Late Middle English) Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of strong verbs"
],
"tags": [
"East-Midlands",
"Kent",
"Late-Middle-English",
"Southern",
"West",
"especially",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əst/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-est<id:most>",
"id": "most",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-yōs\nProto-Indo-European *-tHós\nProto-Indo-European *-istos\nProto-Germanic *-istaz\nProto-West Germanic *-ist\nOld English -est\nMiddle English -est\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-istaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ist\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"most\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-est\" id=\"Middle_English:_most\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "most",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est",
"id": "most"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English -est",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ist",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-istaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-istHos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-istHos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm-nor",
"2": "-ast"
},
"expansion": "Northern Middle English -ast",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-astr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -astr",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-yōs\nProto-Indo-European *-tHós\nProto-Indo-European *-istos\nProto-Germanic *-istaz\nProto-West Germanic *-ist\nOld English -est\nMiddle English -est\nInherited from Old English -est, -ost, from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, *-ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos. Northern Middle English -ast is potentially influenced by Old Norse -astr.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-este",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"tags": [
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ist",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yst",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ast",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern",
"especially"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural and weak singular",
"4": "-este",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-est (plural and weak singular -este)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 27 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 27 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 28 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the superlative degree of adjectives; more, -er."
],
"id": "en--est-enm-suffix-enm:adjectival_superlative",
"links": [
[
"more",
"more#English"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_comparative"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adjectival superlative"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 27 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 27 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 28 25 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the superlative degree of adverbs; more, -er."
],
"id": "en--est-enm-suffix-enm:adverbial_superlative",
"links": [
[
"more",
"more#English"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_comparative"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adverbial superlative"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əst/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"categories": [
"East Midland Middle English",
"Kentish Middle English",
"Middle English entries referencing pages with etymology sections missing etymons",
"Middle English entries with etymology trees",
"Middle English entries with etymon",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English inflectional suffixes",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"West Midland Middle English"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "-st"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-est"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"under Chaucerian influence"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-ast",
"id": "second-person singular",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési\nProto-Germanic *-ōsi\nProto-West Germanic *-ōs\nOld English -ast\nMiddle English -est\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōsi\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōs\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ast\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"second-person singular\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-est\" id=\"Middle_English:_second-person_singular\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "i",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inherited"
},
"expansion": "inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ast",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "second-person singular",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "class 2 weak second-person singular",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -ast (class 2 weak second-person singular)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ast",
"id": "second-person singular",
"nocap": "1",
"pos": "class 2 weak second-person singular"
},
"expansion": "inherited from Old English -ast (class 2 weak second-person singular)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ōs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm-nor",
"2": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Northern Middle English -es",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōsi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōsi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂yési"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "i",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inherited"
},
"expansion": "inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "second-person singular",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est",
"id": "second-person singular",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "inherited from Old English -est",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ēs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ēs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ēz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ēz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*-eh₁s"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁s",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési\nProto-Germanic *-ōsi\nProto-West Germanic *-ōs\nOld English -ast\nMiddle English -est\nIn the present, inherited from Old English -ast (class 2 weak second-person singular), from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs with paragogic -t added from when þū follows (compare Northern Middle English -es), from Proto-Germanic *-ōsi, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési.\nIn the past, inherited from Old English -est, from Proto-West Germanic *-ēs (with paragogic -t added as above), from Proto-Germanic *-ēz (with -s by analogy with present forms), from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁s (in *dʰédʰeh₁s, form of *dʰédʰeh₁ti); this suffix is initially limited to weak verbs, but is extended to strong verbs over the course of the Middle English period (although not yet in Chaucer).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ist",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yst",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-st",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English",
"especially"
]
},
{
"form": "-ost",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ust",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs (other than preterite-presents)."
],
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
"present indicative#English"
],
[
"preterite-present",
"preterite-present#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"East-Midlands",
"Kent",
"Southern",
"West",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of weak verbs; see -edest"
],
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"past",
"past#English"
],
[
"indicative",
"indicative#English"
],
[
"-edest",
"-edest#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"East-Midlands",
"Kent",
"Southern",
"West",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Late Middle English"
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of strong verbs"
],
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"past",
"past#English"
],
[
"indicative",
"indicative#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(especially Late Middle English) Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of strong verbs"
],
"tags": [
"East-Midlands",
"Kent",
"Late-Middle-English",
"Southern",
"West",
"especially",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əst/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with etymology trees",
"Middle English entries with etymon",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English inflectional suffixes",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-est<id:most>",
"id": "most",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-yōs\nProto-Indo-European *-tHós\nProto-Indo-European *-istos\nProto-Germanic *-istaz\nProto-West Germanic *-ist\nOld English -est\nMiddle English -est\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-istaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ist\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"most\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-est\" id=\"Middle_English:_most\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "most",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est",
"id": "most"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English -est",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ist",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-istaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-istHos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-istHos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm-nor",
"2": "-ast"
},
"expansion": "Northern Middle English -ast",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-astr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -astr",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-yōs\nProto-Indo-European *-tHós\nProto-Indo-European *-istos\nProto-Germanic *-istaz\nProto-West Germanic *-ist\nOld English -est\nMiddle English -est\nInherited from Old English -est, -ost, from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, *-ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos. Northern Middle English -ast is potentially influenced by Old Norse -astr.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-este",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"tags": [
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ist",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yst",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ast",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern",
"especially"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural and weak singular",
"4": "-este",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-est (plural and weak singular -este)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the superlative degree of adjectives; more, -er."
],
"links": [
[
"more",
"more#English"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_comparative"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adjectival superlative"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the superlative degree of adverbs; more, -er."
],
"links": [
[
"more",
"more#English"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_comparative"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adverbial superlative"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əst/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -est meaning in Middle English (11.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.