See -est in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
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"name": "inh"
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{
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"id": "second-person singular",
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"3": "",
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},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁si",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "In the present, inherited from Old English -ast (class 2 weak second-person singular), from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs with paragogic -t added from when þū follows (compare Northern Middle English -es), from Proto-Germanic *-ōsi, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési.\nIn the past, inherited from Old English -est, from Proto-West Germanic *-ēs (with paragogic -t added as above), from Proto-Germanic *-ēz (with -s by analogy with present forms), from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁si (in *dʰédʰeh₁si, form of *dʰédʰeh₁ti); this suffix is initially limited to weak verbs, but is extended to strong verbs over the course of the Middle English period (although not yet in Chaucer).",
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"tags": [
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},
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]
},
{
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]
},
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},
{
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},
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"parents": [],
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],
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[
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{
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"kind": "other",
"name": "West Midland Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
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],
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"second-person singular#English"
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[
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],
[
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],
[
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"-edest#Middle_English"
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"morpheme"
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},
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{
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[
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[
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]
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],
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"Kent",
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"Southern",
"especially",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
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}
],
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}
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"pos": "",
"sc": "",
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{
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},
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{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-astr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -astr",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -est, -ost, from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, *-ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos. Northern Middle English -ast is potentially influenced by Old Norse -astr.",
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"tags": [
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]
},
{
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},
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},
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],
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"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
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],
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{
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},
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},
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{
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{
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},
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},
{
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"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "second-person singular",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
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"name": "inh"
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},
{
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"3": "",
"4": "*-eh₁si"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁si",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "In the present, inherited from Old English -ast (class 2 weak second-person singular), from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs with paragogic -t added from when þū follows (compare Northern Middle English -es), from Proto-Germanic *-ōsi, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési.\nIn the past, inherited from Old English -est, from Proto-West Germanic *-ēs (with paragogic -t added as above), from Proto-Germanic *-ēz (with -s by analogy with present forms), from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁si (in *dʰédʰeh₁si, form of *dʰédʰeh₁ti); this suffix is initially limited to weak verbs, but is extended to strong verbs over the course of the Middle English period (although not yet in Chaucer).",
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"tags": [
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"West"
]
},
{
"form": "-ist",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
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]
},
{
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]
},
{
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]
},
{
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]
}
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{
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],
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],
[
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],
[
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]
],
"tags": [
"East-Midlands",
"Kent",
"Southern",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of weak verbs; see -edest"
],
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"past",
"past#English"
],
[
"indicative",
"indicative#English"
],
[
"-edest",
"-edest#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"East-Midlands",
"Kent",
"Southern",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Late Middle English"
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of strong verbs"
],
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"past",
"past#English"
],
[
"indicative",
"indicative#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(especially Late Middle English) Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of strong verbs"
],
"tags": [
"East-Midlands",
"Kent",
"Late-Middle-English",
"Southern",
"especially",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əst/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English inflectional suffixes",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-est"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-est<id:most>",
"id": "most"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-istaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ist\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-est\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"most\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-est\" id=\"Middle_English:_most\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "most",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est",
"id": "most"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English -est",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ist",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-istaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-istHos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-istHos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm-nor",
"2": "-ast"
},
"expansion": "Northern Middle English -ast",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-astr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -astr",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -est, -ost, from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, *-ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos. Northern Middle English -ast is potentially influenced by Old Norse -astr.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-este",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"tags": [
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "-ist",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yst",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ast",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern",
"especially"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural and weak singular",
"4": "-este",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-est (plural and weak singular -este)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the superlative degree of adjectives; more, -er."
],
"links": [
[
"more",
"more#English"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_comparative"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adjectival superlative"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the superlative degree of adverbs; more, -er."
],
"links": [
[
"more",
"more#English"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_comparative"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adverbial superlative"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əst/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -est meaning in Middle English (9.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-05-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-05-01 using wiktextract (f3d3fdb and ae80fde). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.